Globalhead is a collection of stories by the famous Science Fiction writer Brice Sterling. Here are a few stories from the collection which have Islamic themes.

The Compassionate, the Digital: Written as a speech given by a firebrand Islamic leader; their nation has developed an artificial intelligence named FIRDAUSI, which is sent out to attack the “Buckingham Palace Genetic Bioshelter”. The idea is, i think, that machine minds will believe anything their creators build into them.

The Gulf Wars: Two Assyrian soldiers fight a campaign against a walled Elamite city. They die and are reincarnated in the present as Iranian soldiers, who remember their past.

We See Things Differently: A Muslim journalist goes to a fallen America to interview a popular Black musician who is rallying the American people (Plot spoiler: he was sent to kill the man).
[Thanks to Nikolai K for synopsis. Also thanks to Marshall A.]